什么是派生词? 查看概念和40个例子

John Brown 19-10-2023
John Brown

正如米纳斯吉拉斯联邦大学(UFMG)文学院教授路易斯-卡洛斯-德-阿西斯-罗查(Luiz Carlos de Assis Rocha)所说,在葡萄牙语中,新词有两种产生机制:第一种是词汇形成机制,即利用语言本身提供的资源;第二种是外来词输入机制。

在这篇课文中,我们将重点讨论词的形成机制。 在这一机制中,新词的产生有一些过程。 其中一个过程是派生,它是由派生词素(前缀和后缀)添加到基元词的词根上而产生的。 就信息而言,基元词是指那些不从其他词派生并产生其他词的词。新词

派生过程产生派生词,即由基词通过添加前缀和/或后缀而产生的词。 派生过程又有不同的类型,请参见下文。

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衍生过程及其类型

有五种派生类型,下文将逐一介绍:

  • 前缀派生或前缀化:是指在一个基词上添加一个前缀。
  • 后缀派生或后缀化:是指在一个基词上加上一个后缀。 后缀分为两类,即名词性后缀和动词性后缀。 名词性后缀通过连接名词性或动词性基词而产生名词和形容词,或增强形式和减弱形式。 而动词性后缀则通过连接名词性基词而产生动词。
  • 副合成派生或副合成:当一个前缀和后缀同时加到一个原始词上时发生。 值得注意的是,只有当去掉前缀和后缀,剩下一个无意义的部首,即葡萄牙语中不存在的部首时,才存在副合成。
  • 递减派生:发生在原词减少的情况下。 在这种派生类型中,主要形成动词和名词。
  • 不恰当的派生或转换:当一个主词在形式上没有发生变化的情况下改变了语法等级。 这种变化是通过在词前加上冠词或形容词代词而发生的。 例如,在一个给定的句子中,形容词变成了名词。

查看40个派生词示例

现在您已经知道了什么是派生词以及派生过程的类型,请根据派生类型查看以下40个派生词示例。

前缀派生词举例

  • Infidel:前缀 "in-";
  • 出口:前缀 "ex-";
  • 预后:前缀 "pro-";
  • 国际:前缀 "inter-";
  • 稀释:前缀 "di";
  • 不耐烦:前缀 "im-";
  • 联营公司:前缀 "a-";
  • 前臂:前缀 "ante-"。

后缀派生词举例

  • 墙:后缀"-on";
  • Dentuça:后缀"-uça";
  • 小男孩或小女孩:后缀"-inho(a)";
  • Dentada:名词后缀"-ada";
  • Barber: 名后缀"-eiro";
  • Gotejar:动词后缀"-ejar";
  • Pallidly: 副词后缀"-mente";
  • 叶:动词后缀"-ear"。

副合成词举例

  • Repatriate:"-"(前缀),"-ar"(后缀);
  • Entristecer:"en-"(前缀),"-ecer"(后缀);
  • 毫无戒心:"des-"(前缀),"-ado"(后缀);
  • Desalmado:"des-"(前缀),"-ado"(后缀);
  • 黄昏:"en-"(前缀),"-ecer"(后缀);
  • 潜艇:"sub"(前缀),"-ino"(后缀);
  • Enfiliar:"en-"(前缀),"-ar"(后缀);
  • 加热:"em-"(前缀),"-ar"(后缀)。

反向派生词举例

  • 哭泣(派生词):哭泣(派生词);
  • Amparar (派生词): amparo (派生词);
  • 样品(派生词):样品(派生词);
  • 惩罚(派生词):责罚(派生词);
  • 维持(派生词):寄托(派生词);
  • 潜水(派生词):潜水(派生词);
  • 切(派生词):切(派生词);
  • Perform(派生词):性能(派生词)。

不恰当派生词举例

  • 晚餐:从动词到名词;
  • 资本:从形容词到名词;
  • 兔:从普通名词到专有名词;
  • 驴:从名词变为形容词;
  • 坚决:从过去分词变为名词和形容词;
  • 美丽:从形容词变为名词;
  • 然而:从连词到名词;
  • 沉默:从名词到插入语。

值得注意的是,派生词这一主题在公开招标中被广泛涉及,因此请利用该文本更新您的相关知识。

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John Brown

Jeremy Cruz is a passionate writer and avid traveler who has a deep interest in competitions in Brazil. With a background in journalism, he has developed a keen eye for uncovering hidden gems in the form of unique competitions across the country. Jeremy's blog, Competitions in Brazil, serves as a hub for all things related to various contests and events taking place in Brazil.Fueled by his love for Brazil and its vibrant culture, Jeremy aims to shed light on the diverse array of competitions that often go unnoticed by the general public. From exhilarating sports tournaments to academic challenges, Jeremy covers it all, providing his readers with an insightful and comprehensive look into the world of Brazilian competitions.Moreover, Jeremy's deep appreciation for the positive impact competitions can have on society drives him to explore the social benefits that arise from these events. By highlighting the stories of individuals and organizations making a difference through competitions, Jeremy aims to inspire his readers to get involved and contribute to building a stronger and more inclusive Brazil.When he's not busy scouting for the next competition or writing engaging blog posts, Jeremy can be found immersing himself in Brazilian culture, exploring the country's picturesque landscapes, and savoring the flavors of Brazilian cuisine. With his vibrant personality anddedication to sharing the best of Brazil's competitions, Jeremy Cruz is a reliable source of inspiration and information for those seeking to discover the competitive spirit flourishing in Brazil.